Effects of Alcohol on the Family Essay Example for Free

Effects of alcohol on the Family EssayAlcohol Dependence, alike known as alcoholism, is a very widespread disabling addictive disorder, affecting 4% of Canadians. drunkenness may start innocuously, due to the acceptability of social intoxication, but over time, can lead to serious health problems, including witticism, kidney and liver damage. Although cloudbursts attend to be doing the just about damage to themselves, they be hurting their families even more. Lesser-known, but just as serious victims of alcohol abuse are the drys pincerren. The negative effectuate start in the womb, where drinking during pregnancy often causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and other defects. After the baby is born, the risks continue, as the children in alcoholic families tend to privation a stable family milieu and accommodate a fairly high rate of abuse. These factors, as well as genetic predisposition, are strong precedents to the child developing alcohol abuse problems themselves. These children excessively tend to show more symptoms of foreboding and depression, and have lower self esteem than children from nonalcoholic families. These factors may also contribute to the likelihood of the child becoming an alcoholic. When a few drinks has turned into a few too many, a few too many times, slightly may start to suspect alcoholism.This is often how alcohol abuse starts, with acceptable social drinking increasing to the point where the drinker can no eight-day control their desire and compulsion to drink. Drinking too ofttimes alcohol over a long period changes the chemical balance in the brain linked to pleasure, causing the body to crave alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism are frequent intoxication drinking and continuing to drink alcohol in appropriate places and times and often, denial of the problem. Due to the legality and availability of alcohol, it can be very difficult to quit or help other quit drinking, which can number in long-term alcohol abuse.W hen one has been abusing alcohol for long periods of time, it can cause a number of mental and natural problems, including, but not exceptional to liver damage, kidney damage, heart disease, alcoholic dementia, brain damage, and a myriad of psychological problems. Alcoholism also comes with a variety of comorbid disorders, most parking lotly major depressive disorder, and anxiety related disorders (Petrakis, 86).The order of the co-occurrence is not always clear whether these disorders resulted from the alcoholism, or whether the alcoholism was triggered by the disorders varies accordingly, but regardless, the alcoholic has a much better expectation of recovery if both problems are treated together.(Medline Plus) Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been found to increase health risks to the fetus, especi all toldy after the first trimester. Any step of alcohol may harm a developing baby, no safe amount has yet been established however the more alcohol consumed by an big(p) m other, the high the risks are of the baby developing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, or FAS. FAS is a series of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus during pregnancy if the mother has been drinking.The topic Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence states that approximately 5000 babies are born each year with severe FAS, and another 35000 are born with milder symptoms. If an alcoholic womans first child has FAS, the risk of her second child having FAS as well is a daunting 70%. The range of birth defects caused by FAS can be minor to major, and are nearly always long term. The infant will be born skinny and with an alcohol dependency. A detox period will follow birth, sometimes lasting for up to several months.These babies tend to have brain and skull deformities, and can have very distinctive facial features, such as small eye openings, thin upper lips, and long, flat faces. (Dozois, and Firestone 249-262) (Davis, and Frost 100-101) As the baby grows, acquire proble ms that will keep the child from progressing normally may become apparent. FAS can cause damage to the central nervous system, which may result in severe escorting disabilities. Due to this, the child may have problems learning to walk, being able to sleep, and focusing on motor skills and have speech problems, hearing impairment, and decreased store recall.They may have low self-esteem, be hyperactive, and be easily angered or frustrated. Mild or severe retardation, emotional issues, the inability to bond and guide with other children their age are common traits for a child who suffers from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. It often results in lower and overall academic performance (compared to non-FAS children), and difficulties in reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics. (Dozois, and Firestone 254) Another side effect of alcoholism in the family is the lack of a stable family environment.Alcohol has been known to negatively affect marital relationships, breaking up families, be the cause of suicide, result in unemployment and poverty, and cause or exacerbate child abuse. Over 3 times as many people propound to have been previously married to an alcoholic, compared to those currently married to an alcoholic, demonstrating that relationships involving alcohol abuse are less likely to last than sober relationships. Often, if one parent is an alcoholic and the other is not, the sober partner feels that the drinking takes precedence over them and their family.This strongly affects couples with children, as they may effectively lose either parent, or end up being shuttled between them. Worse than losing a parent to divorce is the reality of losing a parent to suicide. The relationship between alcoholism and suicide is very clear, and has been well-documented. Alcohol is a depressant, and can bring on episodes of major depressive disorder. Alcohol abuse is often either self-medication for depression, or the cause of alcoholic depression.Often, alcoholic depression i s a combination of the two, a vicious cycle of triggering and self-medicating that worsens ones emotional state. This despair, combined with possible unemployment marital, family, and financial problems and declining health due to drinking, results in more drinking to drink away the issues, which can push one over the edge and cause them to take their own life. ( strong. ca) Even if both parents are alive and introduce in a childs life, they may not always be the responsible adults and parents they are expected to be.Many severely alcoholic parents are not able to attend to and fulfill their childs physical and emotional needs, and some may even require the child to prematurely drive the role of the parent and take care of the adult. They may be emotionally and financially supported by their children in cases where their alcoholism is too severe for them to be self-reliant and hold a steady job. If there are younger siblings, the responsibilities of parenting may fall to the oldes t child, sometimes in their entirety. This role reversal is unfortunate, but all too common in families where the main caregiver is affected by substance abuse and alcoholism.This also results in the children lacking proper role models to learn from, and as teenagers, are more likely to do poorly in school, or drop out entirely and not pursue post-secondary education. Children of alcoholics have higher rates of truancy, arrest, depression, and addiction than their peers, and are usually more aggressive, obsessive, impulsive, and have lower self-esteem. (Parsons) Child abuse adds to the instability of the life of a child with alcoholic parents. firearm child abuse, unlike FAS, can also occur in families without alcoholic parents, 4/5 of reported cases involved substance abuse, commonly including alcohol.Alcoholism is also more prevalent among child-abusing parents than those who do not abuse their children, and is more commonly associated with child abuse than any other disorder. Th e abuse is not limited to physical abuse it comes in many forms, including sexual, verbal, emotional, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. There are many reasons and theories behind the facts, all are true to a certain degree in most situations. Some say that alcoholics are generally more violent and prone to aggression, which makes their children a convenient target.The alcohol top executive be making them aggressive, or they may aggressive by nature, which is exacerbated by the alcohol. Also, since alcohol and child abuse are connected, many alcoholics were abused as children themselves, and as a result, are more likely to abuse their own children. This abuse puts their children at a greater risk of alcoholism, as well as abusing their prox children, perpetuating the cycle. Emotional abuse and neglect commonly occur when the inebriated parent cannot correctly assess their own priorities, emotionally (or physically) abandons their child, or does not treat them as a parent should.Regardless of the reason, child abuse results in the children doing poorly in school, having self-esteem issues, anti-social behaviour, having feelings of guilt and shame, and suffering from depression. Abused children are also much more likely to grow up to abuse their own children, and to have substance abuse issues of their own. (Widom and Hiller-Sturmhofel 52-57) Despite the obvious hope that a child with alcoholic parents will learn from their mistakes and grow up to be an addiction-free adult, the opposite is usually true.The children of alcoholics are far more likely to become a product of their environment and develop substance abuse problems, likely including, but not limited to, alcoholism. Without proper role models and examples to base themselves off of, these children tend to fall into their parents habits and imitate their actions. soaker parents are also more likely to have raised their children in an environment where alcohol abuse was more common or more a uthorized than non-alcoholic parents, where they may have been influenced by their peers.Along with alcohol dependency, these children are at a much higher risk of developing other substance abuses issues and addictions, most commonly to benzodiazepines. They are also likely to suffer from symptoms of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obsessive behaviours. Those who manage to stay sober tend to exhibit these characteristics as well. Some children of alcoholics may fall victim to the same traps as their parents, while others excel, possibly due to a desire to do better in life than their parents. (Brooke, et al 1980-1981)Alcoholism is a very tough habit to break, however anyone who desires to try has a multitude of options. There are certain medications in use that may be prescribed as part of treatment, but these usually accompany group therapy or psychotherapy, which is usually found to be the most effective. Alcoholics nameless, or AA, is the most common program, due to i ts availability, anonymity, efficacy, and affordability. It is a free international program found on the mutual support of its members, where alcoholics learn to take responsibility for their actions, and support others through their journeys.It is based on the 12 Steps, which are a set of principles and beliefs that focus on admitting to mistakes and addictions, recognizing a higher power, making amends, taking responsibility, and helping others through their addictions. AA famously schools its members that alcoholism is a disease, and that it is not something that they can control. However despite all the available support, unless those who suffer from Alcohol Dependence genuinely have a heed to get better, and are willing to put the in the time and effort required, their problems often do result in lasting effects, both for themselves and others. (Alcoholic.ca) (Alcoholics Anonymous).References Alcoholics Anonymous.Alcoholics Anonymous This is AA. Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoho lics Anonymous World Services Inc. , 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous Is There an Alcoholic in Your Life?. Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. , 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Medline Plus. Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Medline Plus. National Library of Medicine, 15 Nov 2010. Web. 26 Nov 2010. . Parsons, Tetyana. Alcoholism and Its Effect on the Family. AllPsych Online. AllPsych and Heffner Media Group Inc. , 14 Dec 2003. Web. 28 Nov 2010. .Widom, Cathy Spatz, and Susanne Hiller-Sturmhofel. Alcohol Abuse as a bump Factor for and Consequence of Child Abuse. Alcohol look into health the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 25. 1 (2001) 52-57. Print. Alcoholic. ca. Alcoholism and Suicide. Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment in Canada. Alcoholic. ca, 2009. Web. 29 Nov 2010. . Alcoholic. ca. Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment. Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment in Canada. Alcoholic. ca, 2009. Web. 29 N ov 2010. . Dozois, David, and Philip Firestone. Abnormal Psychology. 4th Ed. , Perspectives. Toronto, Canada Pearson Education Canada, 2010.254. Print. Brooke, S, et al. familial Loading for Alcoholism and Offspring Behavior Mediating and Moderating Influences. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 34. 11 (2010) 1980-1981. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Petrakis, Ismene L, et al. Comorbidity of Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders An Overview. Alcohol research health the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 26. 2 (2002) 81-89. Print. Davis, Janet Haggerty, and Wendy Autumn Frost. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome A Challenge for the Community wellness Nurse. Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1. 2 (1984) 100-101. Print.

How far were divisions among its opponents responsible Essay Example for Free

How far were divisions among its opponents trusty EssayHow far were divisions among its opponents amenable for the selection of tsarist rein in in the years 1881 1905? Internal and external divisions amongst opposing political groups of the Tsar were important and somewhat responsible to the survival of Tsarist Russia. However, other factors such as religion and repression were also effective in keeping the Tsar in a state of power.On the one hand, one of the main reasons why divisions among its opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was repayable to external divisions involving all opposing political parties. This was because the parties did not work in concert as they were all divided in their aims and methods in order to achieve distinguishable targets. None realised that by working together they would have a greater impact on the rate of flow political kiosking of Russia. The main external divisions involved the Constitutional Democrat (Kadets) and the Social Revolutionary (Socialist) parties.Both of these parties had their own separate beliefs on what Russia needed and how in which it should change, yet due to the differing opinions they refused to work together to solve this. The Social Revolutionaries believed that the future of Russia was down to the peasants and the working class so they wanted to give the peasants their own shore as well as improve living conditions for the working class. The assassination of Tsar Alexander II and acts of terrorism were among their simulated military operation however, the Constitutional Democrats were against these acts of violence.They were the most adjudge party and believed in votes and discussions as a way to express their views and opinions. They wanted to bolish autocracy and have the power sh bed amongst a democratic government. The parties also had different support groups as the Social Revolutionaries were aimed at and were very popular with the peasants whereas the Con stitutional Democrats were more focused at the middle class and mainly those with professions such as a lawyer, doctor or merchant.This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule as although there were some similarities in the aims and objectives of the parties, the major differences in methods and tactics meant that singularly each roup didnt have the force out to achieve their goals and even though some tactics they had in common, it wasnt enough as they refused to work together to grant more force in their campaigns. This meant that competition against the Tsarists rule was weakened to quite a great extent and this would have benefited the Tsar of importly as the parties could not contribute together.A further reason why divisions among its opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was due to internal factors within the parties themselves. The most prominent eccentric of this would be the internal division within the Social Democrat party which caused them to split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks when discussing party membership. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin who won the debate, consisted of the majority of the party and Lenin suggested that solo people dedicated to the main objective was to create a small revolutionary elite in order to combat the Tsar and so as not to be discovered by the secret police.The Mensheviks, led by Martov, rgued that the party should be open to whateverone who accepted the objectives of the party and was willing to follow book of instructions from the leaders. This disagreement was based on different beliefs regarding the role of the party. Lenin and his supporters believed that the party should be one prepared to seize power as soon as practical whereas for Martov and his supporters, they believed the main purpose was to spread propaganda and increase awareness about the working class or proletariat. He failed to believe that Russia was ready for a revolution any time soon.Over the ollo wing years the division become permanent and they eventually grew into separate political parties and, of them both, the secret police regarded the Mensheviks as the most threatening because they promote a working class discontent. As the working class made up about 80-90% of the Russian population at this time, unhappiness among them would cause the superior ascent and the most difficult to control. This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule because it meant that the parties themselves (especially the Social Democrats) would not be trong enough to have any significant impact on affecting the Tsars rule.If they couldnt even function amongst themselves then they wouldnt be able to communicate and work together enough to challenge the Tsar and his power. This meant that opposition against the Tsarists rule was again weakened to some extent and this would have benefited the Tsar greatly. On the other hand, key reasons responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule wer e due to other factors such as religion. The Orthodox Church was very important to Russians and most extremely religious.By preaching projection screen obedience to God, it encouraged blind obedience to social superiors including the Tsars and as the Tsar was a monarch with complete autocratic control and was brought up into the Romanov dynasty, many believed that it was the Tsars God-given birthright to rule, and by total authority. referable to this, it was seen to be going against God himself and His choices by opposing to the Tsar. However, having said this, many also believed that God had turned His back on the Tsars due to the Khodynka Tragedy. It was a mankind stampede that occurred on 30thMay 1896 on Khodynka Field, Moscow where hundreds were killed in the festivities following the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, which led to the deaths of 1,389 people. This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule because Russian people would see it as going against God by going against the Tsar and for most it was seem an impossible thing to do. This could be described as deference to the Tsar and although some may not agree to it, defying God would be to commit a crime much worse due to how important the Orthodox Church was in society.A further reason responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was due to repression against many Russian people. This included factors such as the army and the Okhrana in order to keep any political opponents or general opponents down and without a chance of success. The Okhrana are known as the Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order and were the secret police for the Tsar. It was formed to combat political terrorism and revolutionary uprising or activity and did this through many ways, the most common being violence.This created fear amongst the peasants as well as the which was a prison labour camp. imputable to this, it prevented many Russian people from acting against the Tsar or Joining any poli tical opposition groups and in this way it was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule. However, having said this, many peasants at this time believed that had nothing to lose so for them this was an incentive to try make a difference while they could and stand up to the Tsar and what he stood for. This dramatically increased the number of supporters for the Social Revolutionary party.In conclusion, both internal and external division among political opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule in the years 1881 1905 more than other factors, and external division was slightly more important as it prevented the parties from working together to provide a united and unstoppable force against the Tsar. Much more could have been achieved from the collaboration of all political parties as they would have provided more strength to each other. This is eventually realised, which creates a significant impact to Russian politics after 1905.

Marketing Sop Example Essay Example for Free

Marketing Sop Example EssayIndia is said to be the growing economical superpower, which will open a big opportunity in the Management of Science and bloodline at the same time making a rational decision of where to land after acquiring higher education. What kind of a higher education will enhance my knowledge, skill and capabilities to the best? To place myself according to the growing economy of India and to gain the maximum out of it I came to a decision of doing MBA in UK. As UK has everlastingly been a good source of in providing world class education, I am eager do my MBA from London School of Business and Finance in UK. I was always been supported by my family for doing something big. They provoked me in dreaming big. My vocation was taking shape when I was about to complete my Bachelors degree in Commerce. I was always interested in this field. I took a decision of doing MBA in Finance and Marketing.My short-term goal is to place myself as an efficient manager of a r enowned organization where I can give a infract shape to my skills and capabilities and to be in a process of continuous learning. However, my long-term goal is to set up a firm of my own, where I can delegate all the innovative ideas that I realise. Before that I will have to prepare my self for being efficient in implementing those ideas, which is, indeed, not easy. When it comes of doing MBA in UK it always makes me feel proud.Doing MBA from there will not only provide me with lots of experience but I will also give an international characterization which will be a big plus point for attaining my career goals. It will help me learning things in a diverse environment. It will have positive impact on my life and values. MBA in UK is the best and it gives exposures to new avenues. I am looking forward to join London School of Business and finance (LSBF) and it will be great getting the degree from University of Wales from UK.

Fish Recognition and Classification System Architecture

Fish Recognition and motley System Architecture1.1 IntroductionIn the previous chapter, the computer architecture and the approaches of object actualization and compartmentalisation placement were shown in details. Moreover, the features of constitute characters of angle that will be apply for associateification stage are provided. Therefore, this chapter focuses on some context of literature approaches on cerebrate work and concepts in the field of object acquaintance and classification. In particular, a main component to design seek recognition and classification body architecture is employ it will show these experiments history of development in several cases.The following literature review is divided into four main sections. The search recognition and classification, introductory aspect is covered. The back up aspect relates with image segmentation techniques to segment underwater images are presented. Investigates more or less of the feature extraction and se lection by shape representation and description, the third aspect is applied. Fin totallyy, the classifiers technique for object recognition and classification in aspect of support vector machine is reported.1.2 Fish Recognition and ClassificationRecently, there were m each researchers who attempted to design and apply the interaction between an underwater surround and learning techniques to develop the recognition and classification system in order to classify the search. Therefore, Castignolles et al., (1994) utilise off-line mode detection with static thresholds to segment the images that recorded by S-video tapes and enhance image contrast by apply background get offing. Furthermore, to recognize the species a Bayes classifier was tested after extract twelve geometrical features from fish images. However, this system needs control on the light of background, determine the mensurate of threshold and multiple imaging. Moreover, where fish are lined up close to each other, the applications tend to be impractical for the real- epoch.The moment-invariant for features extraction is degraded and real easy to implement. Therefore, Zion et al. (1999) stated the features extraction from dead fish tails by using moment-invariants in order to identify of species. Moreover, the image area is utilise to estimate fish mass. Furthermore, the accuracy of 99%, 93% and 93%, respectively, for grey mullet, St. Peters fish and carp is got for appellation of fish species. Therefore, later Zion et al., (2000) tested this rule with make up fish be adriftming in clean water. The accuracies were 100%, 91% and 91%, respectively for fish species identification. However, the features of the tail in the image which were extracted by the moment-invariant are powerfully affects by the water opaqueness and fish motion. This rule needs clear environments and all features appear clearly.An automatic system to select the suited features for recognition and classification obj ect is needed. Therefore, Chan et al., (1999) developed a 3D item distribution exercise (PDM) in order to extract the lateral length measurement automatically from the images without an blanket(a) user interaction to locate individual landmark points on the fish by using an n-tuple classifier as a tool to initiate the model. Moreover, the WISARD architecture is used as a Look-Up Table (LUT) which holds information about the pattern that the classifier tries to recognize, in order to assess the performance and usefulness of the n-tuple classifier in the application of fish recognition. However, this method needs to fix the pre-defined threshold range, amount of prior knowledge for the fish and the bigger training set.Determine the landmarks as tips of snout or fins for fish are very important to recognize the fish. Therefore, Cardin Friedland (1999) stated the morphometric analysis by biometric interpretation of fish homologous landmarks as tips of snout or fins for fish stock contrast. However, they did not refer to algorithms for ascertain landmarks and the external points are not satisfactory because their locations are subjective.From other aspect, Cardin (2000) reviewed the landmarks of shape by using morph metric methods for stock identification of fish. Moreover, Winans (1987) used the fins points, extremities point and arbitrarily landmarks in order to identify the fish from those points. Therefore, the attachment of fin membranes were found to be more effective for finfish group discrimination than landmarks located on extremities. Furthermore, Bookstein, (1990) stated the homologous landmarks were found to be more effective in describing shape than other arbitrarily located landmarks. However, these methods should be considered fish sample size, life history, stage of development and the features discriminating power.Fourier contour for geometric features description is very famous algorithm. Therefore, Cadieux et al., (2000) stated the Fouri er descriptors of silhouette contours, the geometric features described by seven of moment-invariants stated by Hu (1962) are developed in order to count fish by species from fish ways mounted next to river. Therefore, the 78% of accuracy is achieved by using a majority vote of three classification methods. However, this method needs sensors that generate silhouette contours as the fish swim between them and the hardware based on a commercial biomass counter.The manual measurement for the landmarks points is more accurate to identify the object. Therefore, Tillett et al., (2000) proposed the modification of point distribution model (PDM) in order to segmented fish images by means is proposed. Moreover, the edge and its proximity in order to attract landmarks are considered. Furthermore, the average accuracy of 95% by estimating fish length to manual measurement is compared. However, this method required manual placement of the PDM in an initial position close to the centre of the fi sh, thereby affecting the accuracy of the final fitting. Also, neighboring fish images hale the PDM away from the correct edges and fish whose orientation was very different from the initial PDM or were littler than the initial values could not be correctly fitted.The combining of more than one classifier is important to get more accuracy to classify the objects. Therefore, Cedieux et al., (2000) proposed intelligent system by combining the result of three classifiers in order to recognize the fish. Therefore, Byes maximum quantification classifier, a learning vector classifier and One-class-One-Ne twainrk of neural network classifier are used by analysis algorithm of an infrared silhouette sensor to acquire the fish and the majority vote. Moreover, the results depended on at least two from three classifiers should be show the same result. However, this method needs other approach for feature selection in order to improve the recognition performance and to optimize the selection of germane(predicate) characteristics for fish classification. Moreover, it needs more computational to identify and classify the object.Detection, representation the features of object and then the classification are the main steps for any recognition and classification system. Therefore, Tidd Wilder (2001) stated a machine vision system to detect and classify fish in an estuary by using a video sync signal to drive and direct the strobe lighting through a fiber bundle into a 30 cm-30 cm-30 cm field of view in a water tank. Moreover, to segment fish images and eliminate partial fish segments, the window-based segmentation algorithm and an aspect ratio are used by means of the segment aspect ratio and a length test. Furthermore, Bayes classifier is used to classify three fish species from extracted fish image area and aspect ratio. However, this method is tested on only 10 images of each of the species, and needs more computation. Moreover, they concluded that the system and method accept the potential to operate in situ.The monitoring objects in underwater is difficult problem. Therefore, Rife Rock (2001) proposed Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) in order to follow the marine puppet in underwater. However, this method needs free burning hours of the pieces movements.Locating the precise points of object is very important to determine the length, weight and the area of the objects. Therefore, Martinez et al., (2003) stated an underwater stereophony vision system is used to calculate the weight of fish from their length by using a prior knowledge of the species in order to husking points of the fish image and linking them with real-world coordinates. Moreover, in order to find caudal fin points and the tip of the head, the template matching with several templates is used. Furthermore, accuracy of 95% and 96% for estimated fish weight is reported. However, this method needs a prior knowledge of the species, critical points to calculate the length and onl y used to find the weight.The shape of object is very important feature to recognize and identify the objects. Therefore, Lee et al., (2003) developed automated Fish Recognition and Monitoring ( solid) system, as shape analysis algorithm in order to locate critical landmark points by using a curvature function analysis. Moreover, the contour is extracted based on these landmark points. Furthermore, from this information species classification, species composition, densities, fish condition, size, and timing of migrations stand be estimated. However, this method utilizes high-resolution images and determines the location for the critical points of fish shape.In a conventional n-tuple classifier, the n-tuple is formed by selecting multiple sets of n distinct locations from the pattern space. Therefore, Tillett Lines (2004) proposed an n-tuple binary pattern classifier with the difference between two successive frames in order to locate the initial fish image for sensing the fish he ad. Moreover, the dead fish hanging in a tank are used to estimate the mean mass. However, the estimation accuracy was low for inhabit fish images due to poorer imaging conditions and larger fish population concentration.The different features can used together to classify the object. Therefore, Chambah et al., (2004) proposed Automatic Color Equalization (ACE) in order to recognize the fish spaces. Furthermore, the segmentation by using background subtraction was presented. The geometric features, color features, texture features and motion features are used. therefore, Bayes classifier is used to classify the selected fishes to one of the learned species. However, this method depends on the color features that need lightness constancy and color constancy to extract visual information from the environment efficaciously.The semi-local invariants recognition is based on the idea that a direct search for visual correspondence is the key to successful recognition. Therefore, Lin et al., (2005) proposed neighbor pattern classifier by semi-local invariants recognition to recognize the fish. Moreover, when they compare it with integral invariants, they found it less mismatching. Furthermore, they compare wavelet-based invariants with summation invariants and found it has more strong immunity to noise. However, this method needs some critical point of the fish shape.The Bayesian gain vigor was originally intended for statistical recognition techniques, and is known to be a very effective approach. Therefore, Erikson et al. (2005) proposed fish introduce by using Bayesian filtering technique. Moreover, this method models fish as an ellipse having eight parameters. However, this method considers only counting the fish without looking into its type. Furthermore, the fish whitethorn be having varying in trope of the parameters.From other aspect, Lee et al., (2008) stated several shape descriptors, such as Fourier descriptors, polygon approximation and line segme nts in order to categorize the fish by using contour representation that extracted from their critical landmark points. However, the main difficulty of this method is that landmark points sometimes cannot be located very accurately. Moreover, it needs a high quality image for analysis.Table 1.1 Critical Analysis of Relevant ApproachesAuthorAlgorithmRemarksCastignolles et al. 1994Off-line methodThis method needs control on the light of background, determine the value of threshold. Moreover, where fish are lined up close to each other, the applications tend to be impractical for the real-time.Zion et al., 1999Moment-invariantsThe features of the tail in the image which were extracted by the moment-invariant are strongly affects by the water opaqueness and fish motion. Therefore, this method needs clear environments and all features appear clearly.Chan et al. 1999PDMthis method needs to fix the pre-defined threshold value, amount of prior knowledge for the fish and the bigger training set.Cardin and Friedland 1999Morphometric analysisThey did not refer to algorithms for determining landmarks and the external points are not satisfactory because their locations are subjective.Cardin 2000Develop Morphometric analysisThese methods should be considered fish sample size, life history, stage of development and the features discriminating power.Cadieux et al. 2000Fourier descriptorThis method needs sensors that generate silhouette contours as the fish swim between them and the hardware based on a commercial biomass counter.Tillett et al. 2000Modify PDMThis method required manual placement of the PDM in an initial position close to the centre of the fish, thereby affecting the accuracy of the final fitting. Also, neighboring fish images forced the PDM away from the correct edges and fish whose orientation was very different from the initial PDM or were smaller than the initial values could not be correctly fitted.Cedieux et al. 2000 effectual SystemThis method needs other approach for feature selection in order to improve the recognition performance and to optimize the selection of relevant characteristics for fish classification. Moreover, it needs more computational to identify and classify the object.Tidd and Wilder 2001Machine Vision SystemThis method is tested on only 10 images of each of the species, and needs more computation. Moreover, they concluded that the system and method have the potential to operate in situ.Rife and Rock 2001ROVThis method needs continuous hours of the pieces movements.Martinez et al., 2003Template MatchingThis method needs a prior knowledge of the species, critical points to calculate the length and only used to find the weight.Lee et al. 2003FIRMThis method utilizes high-resolution images and determines the location for the critical points of fish shape.Tillett and Lines 2004n-tupleThe estimation accuracy was low for live fish images due to poorer imaging conditions and larger fish population density.Chambah et. al. 2004ACEThis method depends on the color features that need lightness constancy and color constancy to extract visual information from the environment efficaciously.Lin et al., 2005Neighbor design ClassifierThis method needs some critical point of the fish shape.Erikson et al. 2005Bayesian Filtering TechniqueThis method considers only counting the fish without looking into its type. Furthermore, the fish may be having varying in number of the parameters.Lee et al. 2008Several Shape DescriptorsThe main difficulty of this method is that landmark points sometimes cannot be located very accurately. Moreover, it needs a high quality image for analysis.1.3 Image Segmentation TechniquesBasically, there are different techniques that would help to solve the image segmentation problems. Therefore, Jeon et al., (2006) reason these techniques into, thresholding approaches, contour approaches, region approaches, clustering approaches and other optimization approaches using a Bayesian framework , neural networks. Moreover, the clustering techniques can be categorized into two oecumenical groups partitional and hierarchical clustering algorithms. Furthermore, partitional clustering algorithms such as K-means and EM clustering are widely used in many applications such as info mining, compression, image segmentation and machine learning (Coleman Andrews 1979 Carpineto Romano 1996 Jain et al., 1999 Zhang 2002a Omran et al., 2006). Therefore, this research will focus on the literature review relates with image segmentation techniques to segment fish of underwater images by using k-means algorithm and background subtraction approaches.1.3.1 K-Means Algorithm for Image SegmentationIn general, the step K-means clustering algorithm is employed in order to cluster a given dataset into k groups. Therefore, the standard K-means algorithm consists of four steps Initialization, Classification, Centroid computation and Convergence condition. Moreover, several methods attempt to impr ove the standard K-means algorithm related to several aspects associated to each of the algorithm steps. Furthermore, regarding the computational of the algorithm the steps that need more improvements are initialization and convergence condition (Amir 2007 Joaqun et al., 2007). Therefore, the following sections will be focused on this step in order to represent and address the review for this step.1.3.1.1 The Initialization Step of K-Means AlgorithmBasically, the early reference to initialize the K-means algorithm was by Forgy in 1965 that choose points randomly and used as the sheds. Therefore, MacQueen, introduced to determine a set of cluster spills by using an online learning strategy (MacQueen 1967 Stephen 2007). However, this method can be choosing the point near a cluster centre or outlying point. Moreover, repeating the runs is the enlarged time taken to obtain a solution.The approach in order to divide the dataset to classes without prior knowledge of classes is requi red. Therefore, Tou Gonzales (1974) suggested the Simple Cluster Seeking (SCS) method by calculative the distance between the first instance in the database and the next point in the database, if it is greater than some threshold then select it as the second seed, otherwise move to the next instance in the database and repeat until K seeds are chosen. However, this method depends on the value of threshold, the order of pattern vectors to be polished and repeating the runs is the increased time taken to reach the seeds chosen.For optimal partition of dataset which can achieve better variation equalization than standard. Therefore, Linde et al., (1980) proposed a Binary split (BS) method, based on the first run for K = 1, Then split into two clusters until convergence is reached and the cycle of split and converge is reiterate until a rigid number of clusters is reached, or until each cluster contains only one point. However, this method increased the computational complexity by split and the algorithm must be run again.Good initial seeds for clustering algorithm are significant in order to rapidly converge to the global optimal structure. Therefore, Kaufman Rousseeuw (1990) suggested selecting the first seed as the most centrally located instance, then the next seed selected based on the greatest reduction in the distortion and continue until K seeds are chosen. However, this method needs more computation in choosing each seed.In order to select the optimal seed artificial intelligence (AI) is used. Therefore, babu Murty (1993) and Jain et al., (1996) proposed a method by using genetic algorithms based on the various seed selections as population, and then the fitness of each seed selection is assessed by running the K-means algorithm until convergence and then calculating the Distortion value, in order to select of near optimal seed. However, this method should be run K-means for each solution of each generation. Moreover, a genetic algorithms result depends on the choice of population size, and crossover and mutation probabilities.Enhancement approach in order to improve the clustering quality and overcome computational complexity is required. Therefore, Huang Harris (1993) stated the Direct Search Binary Splitting (DSBS) method, based on formula Component Analysis (PCA), in order to enhance splitting step in Binary Splitting algorithm. However, this method also required more computational to reach k seeds chosen.Calculating the distance between all points of dataset in order to select the seed is used. Therefore, Katsavounidis et al. (1994) proposed the algorithm as the KKZ algorithm based on preferably one on the edge of the data as the first seed. Then, chosen the second seed based on the point which is furthest from the first seed. Moreover, choosing the furthest point from its nearest seed is repeated until K seeds are chosen. However, this method obvious pitfall from any noise in the data as preferably seed.In order to increase the speed of the algorithm based on divide the solid input domain into subspaces is required. Therefore, Daoud Roberts (1996) proposed approach to divide the whole input domain into two disjoint volumes, and then this subspace is assumed that the points are randomly distributed and that the seeds will be placed on a regular grid. However, this methods refers at the end into randomly choose.The mean of the any dataset is important value in order to estimate the seed depends on it. Therefore, Thiesson et al., (1997) suggested approach to calculate the mean of the perfect dataset based on randomly running time of the algorithm to produce the K seeds. However, this method uses the random way to repeat the steps until reach the desirable clusters.In order to find better clustering initialization of k-means algorithm, Forgys method is used. Therefore, Bradley Fayyad (1998) presented a technique that begins by randomly breaking the data into 10, or so, subsets. Then it perfor ms a K-means clustering on each of the ten subsets, all starting at the same set of initial seeds, which are chosen using Forgys method. However, this method needs to determine the size of the subset and used the same initial seed for each subset.A way of reducing the time complexity of initialization for k-means algorithm calculation is to use structures like k-d trees. Therefore, Likas et al., (2003) stated a global K-means algorithm which aims to gradually increase the number of seeds until K is found, by using the kd-tree to create K buckets and use the centroids of each bucket as seeds. However, this method needs to test the results to reach the best number of clusters.The performance of iterative clustering algorithms depends highly on initial cluster centers. Therefore, Mitra et al., (2002) and Khan Ahmad (2004) proposed a Cluster Centre Initialization Method (CCIA) based on the Density-based Multi Scale Data Condensation (DBMSDC) by estimating the density of the dataset at a point, and then sorting the points according to their density and examining each of the attributes individually to extract a list of possible seed locations. The process is repeated until a desired number of points remain. However, this method depends on other approach to reach the desired seeds, which lead to more computation complexity.On the other read, in order to reduce the time complexity of initialization for k-means algorithm calculation is to use structures like k-d trees. Therefore, Stephen Conor (2007) presented a technique for initializing the K-means algorithm based on coordinated kd-trees in order to obtain density estimates of the dataset. And then by using the distance and the density information sequentially to select K seeds. However, this method at times failed to provide the lowest value of distortion.Table 1.2 Critical Analysis of Relevant ApproachesAuthorAlgorithmRemarksForgy 1965 and MacQueen 1967Random initial K-meansThis method can be choosing the point near a cluster centre or outlying point. Moreover, repeating the runs is the increased time taken to obtain a solution.Tou and Gonzales 1974SCSThis method depends on the value of threshold, the order of pattern vectors to be processed and repeating the runs is the increased time taken to reach the seeds chosen.Linde et al., 1980BSThis method increased the computational complexity by split and the algorithm must be run again.Kaufman and Rousseeuw 1990Selecting the first seed.This method needs more computation in choosing each seed.Babu and Murty 1993GAThis method should be run K-means for each solution of each generation. Moreover, a genetic algorithms result depends on the choice of population size, and crossover and mutation probabilities.Huang and Harris 1993DSBSThis method also required more computational to reach k seeds chosen.Katsavounidis et al. 1994KKZThis method obvious pitfall from any noise in the data as preferably seed.Daoud and Roberts 1996two disjoint volumesThis meth ods refers at the end into randomly choose.Thiesson et al. 1997the mean of datasetThis method uses the random way to repeat the steps until reach the desirable clusters.Bradley and Fayyad 1998randomly breaking techniqueThis method needs to determine the size of subset and the same initial seed for each subset.Likas et al. 2003Global K-meansThis method needs to test the results to reach the best number of clusters.Khan and Ahmad 2004CCIAThis method depends on other approach to reach the desired seeds, which lead to more computation complexity.Stephen and Conor 2007kd-treesThis method occasionally failed to provide the lowest value of distortion.1.3.2 Background Subtraction for Image SegmentationThe basic approach for automatic object detection and segmentation methods is the background subtraction. Moreover, it is a commonly used class of techniques for segmenting out objects of a scene for different applications. Therefore, Wren et al., (1997) proposed running Gaussian Average based on ideally fitting a Gaussian prospect density function on the concluding n pixels values in order to model the background independently at each pixel location. Moreover, to increase the speed the standard deviation is computed. Therefore, the advantage of the running average is given by the low memory requirement instead of the buffer with the last n pixel values are used. However, the empirical weight as a tradeoff between stability and quick update is often chosen.The detection of objects is ordinarily approached by background subtraction based on multi-valued background. Therefore, Stauffer Grimson (1999) proposed the multi-valued background model in order to describe the foreground and the background values. Moreover, the probability of observing a certain pixel value at specific time by means of a mixture of Gaussians is described. However, this method needs grant the new observed pixel value to the best matching distribution and estimating the updated model parameters. Density estimators can be a valuable component in an application like in the use of object tracking. Therefore, Elgammal et al. (2000) proposed a non-parametric model based on Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) by using the last n background values, in order to model the background distribution. Moreover, the sum of Gaussian kernels centered as one sample data by the most recent n background values as background is given. However, complete model estimation also requires the estimation of summation of Gaussian kernels.The eigen-decomposition methods are computationally demanding by involving the computation of each eigenvector and corresponding eigenvalues. Therefore, Oliver et al., (2000) proposed eigen backgrounds approach based on eigenvalues decomposition by using the whole image instead of blocks of image. Moreover, this method can be improving its efficiency, but depend on the images used for the training set. However, this method not explicitly specified what images should be par t of the initial sample, and whether and how such a model should be updated over time.In order to generate and select of a plurality of temporal pixel samples derived from incoming image, the temporal median filter is used. Therefore, Lo Velastin (2001) proposed temporal median filter based on the median value of the last n frames as the background model. Moreover, Cucchiara et al. (2003) developed the temporal median filter by computing the last n frames, sub-sampled frames and the time of the last computed median value in order to compute the median on a special set of values. However, the disadvantage of the temporal median filter approach, the computation by a buffer with the recent pixel values is required. Moreover, the median filter does not provide a deviation measure for adapting the subtraction threshold.The information of the difference frames is accumulated, in order to construct a reliable background image. Therefore, Seki et al., (2003) proposed the background subtrac tion based on co-occurrence of image variations. Moreover, it works on blocks of N x N pixels treated as an N2 component vector, instead of work at pixel resolution. However, this method offers good accuracy against reasonable time and memory complexity. Furthermore, a certain update rate would be needed to lintel with more extended illumination changes.Background modeling of a moving object requires sequential density estimatio

The Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer General Studies Essay

The Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer General Studies Es thinkJeffrey Li singlel Dahmer besides know as Milwaukee monster was a notorious American serial killer and sexual offender in the 1980s and early 1990s. Across states his surname is very synonymous with monster and with good moderateness. His victims were ordinarily raped, tortured, dismembered. Jeffrey was a troubled sister psychologically and his affable skills had a lot to be desired. All the way done his upbringing he was ignore and had queer fantasies of cadavers. In his adulthood this psychosocial status quo didnt change and was in fact aggravated. This paper uses deuce criminological theories to scrutinize the vitality, personality, crimes and vile behavior of Dahmer hereinafter referred to as Jeffrey. Through the social control theory and psychological theory, the paper will analyze the life of Jeffrey with respect to his criminal life. It will go on to try and find out if Jeffreys personality imbalances and acc ulturation determined the course of his life. The validity of the two theories with respect to Jeffrey Dahmer lies in their outlook on the of impact socialization and psychological state of mind on criminology. It ends at a note of asking was Jeffreys socialization the problem or was it his psychological imbalances or was it a little of both worlds.BiographyDahmer was natural Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer on May 21st, 1960 in West Allis, Wisconsin. He was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer after a difficult pregnancy with frequent morning sickness and muscle spasms that had Joyce on prescription drugs. His being a normal fundamental American family, his childhood was just like that of each other American child. He had two parents who dearly and loved their unless son at the time. Joyce actually had a scrap book where she recorded the events of her sons life his first accident, his first step, his first tooth and even his first sc matureing. During Dahmers very tender grow, his father an a nalytical chemist used to work long hours in his laboratory while his mother was a teletype machine instructor (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). Due to their professional lives, Jeffrey did not slang a strong bond with his family.From all accounts Dahmer was a smart child in a loving family who enjoyed typical toddler activities. Living with Lionels parents caused a lot of tension in the Dahmers marriage and they eventually affectd to a place of their own in East Milwaukee. At the age of four, Jeffrey underwent a hernia operation which marked the beginning of his personality changes. He became less communicatory and more isolated as the years dragged by. In 1966, the Dahmers continued to Bath, Ohio where his Lionel was supposed to further his chemistry studies. The house they lived in was surrounded by open woodwind instrument and Jeffreys isolation grew as he could lose himself in his make believe world. During the move Joyce was pregnant and the marital problems recurred . In December of that year, Jeffreys little brother David was born just as the former was entering first grade (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). The following year, the family moved again to Barberton, Ohio. The marital tensions increased when David suffered from colic. According to press history, at the age of eight, Jeffrey called a probation officer with claims of sexual molestation from a neighbor. This was ignored, adding to his list of rejection. Jeffreys school years were marked with his collection of late(prenominal) animals and conducting experiments on them receivable his lack of socialization. Jeffrey was candid to the world of chemistry at a very tender age and he explored it with his animals.He moved on to Revere high school where his loneliness continued for no matter how hard he tried he always was an outsider. Though he worked on the school newspaper, his shyness denied him the opportunity of reservation many friends. As in social control theory, he continua lly engaged in antisocial behavior. His grades were average and it is during this period that he developed a drinking problem. Most of his neighbors however remembered him as a shy boy whose loneliness took a toll on him psychologically. When Jeffrey was al just about eighteen, Lionel and Joyce went their separate ways and divorced. Joyce went with David and Jeffrey was leftover with his father (Dahmer, 1994). The divorce was in itself a bitter parting and communication lines were cut entirely that Jeffrey didnt even have his mothers forwarding address. He graduated from high school and went on ahead to join Ohio State University. To camouflage his loneliness, most of his time here was spent drinking and skipping majority of his classes. His classmates were noted to avoid him and the manager of national honor society blacked out a picture of Jeffreys that was eventually used for psychiatric evaluation during his trial. He consequently dropped out after two semesters. During this p eriod, specifically in 1978 he started his criminal life by killing Steven Hicks (Davis, 1991).Lionel did not take his dropping from college well and he offered Jeffrey an ultimatum to join the army or get a job. In 1979, Jeffrey enlisted in the army for six years and was sent to Germany. His loneliness induced drinking however persisted and he was discharged only after two years in 1981. Afraid of facing his father and with a ticket to wherever he wanted to go in the country, Jeffrey headed to Miami Beach, Florida. In Florida he spent his time at a hospital but he didnt last as he was once again kicked out callable to his alcoholism. He went back home and his alcoholism saw to it that he was halted in 1981 for a drunk and disorderly charge. In 1982, he moved in with his enate grandmother in West Allis. During this time, his behavior grew increasingly strange as told by his grandmother. She tack together a stolen mannequin in his closet and a 357 magnum. It is also during this ti me that he was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986 for indecent exposure.Tired of his late nights, foul basement smells and general weird behavior his grandmother asked him to move out in the summer of 1988 (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009).Jeffrey moved to the west side of Milwaukee near his place of work, Ambrosia Chocolate Factory. Just a day after go into his new apartment, Jeffrey was arrested for drugging and a sexually fondling a thirteen year old boy. He was sentenced to five years probation and was required to register as a sex offender. Shortly thereafter he began a string of murders that ended with his arrest in 1991 (Davis, 1991). After a two week trial, the courts found Jeffrey guilty of fifteen counts of first degree murder and convicted him for fifteen life terms a basic life sentence. Jeffrey served his time at the Columbia punitive Institution in Portage Wisconsin. There were two labializes on his life the first in July 1994 where he was attacked with a razor b lade and survived with shallow wounds. During the second attack in November 1994, Jeffrey and a fellow inmate were attacked with a bar from a weight machine and he succumbed to the head trauma (Davis, 1991).Personality ProfileTo acknowledge what makes a serial killer like Dahmer function, it is necessary to look into their past particularly their childhood and puberty (Holmes Holmes, 1998). As revealed by his biography, Dahmer was a normal child who enjoyed the normal childhood activities. The social control theory and the psychological theory will thus be used to explain the metamorphosis in his character. The break of serve in his personality started when he was four and had to undergo a hernia operation. During this tough period of the surgery his mother was preoccupied with her own troubles and his father was use up building his railway career in chemistry. Jeffrey was left with no one to tell him what was going on with his life, why he was sick and why he had to go to the h ospital for an operation. After the surgery, his personality began to change from being a jovial social child to a loner who was always withdrawn and uncommunicative. He seldom disobeyed his parents and as a result Lionel took this personality changes as a sign of obedience. His happy facial expressions transformed from a happy childhood smiles to a motionless, uncontaminating stare he wore until the end of his time (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009).Throughout his childhood his parents were always involved in squabbles and young Jeffrey took all this to heart. Eventually they ended up rending up and with a bitter divorce Jeffrey lost contact with his mother and younger brother David. Dahmers history of desertion left him with feelings of loss and rejection. This rejection situation fuel the already withdrawn personality of Jeffrey. After they moved to Bath his insecurities were heightened and his shy nature ensured that he had few friends. When most people his age were playing tv games and listening to last music, Jeffrey turned to his make believe world in the forest around their home. His favorite past time was collecting road kill, uncovering the animal carcasses and saving the bones. This love of carcasses and bones had actually begun when he was four. His father took this as the love of chemistry and he took him to his lab where Jeffrey was clearly fascinated by the bones. Lionel went on ahead to get Jeffrey his first chemistry set when he was in elementary school. With the set he used acid to scrape the tenderness off dead animals noted his step mother Shari (Dahmer, 1994).As a teenager, Jeffrey had fantasies about killing and mutilating men. Unlike most serial killers Jeffreys fantasies revolved around dormant sex leading to his necrophilia. This could be one of the reasons why he killed his victims. So any other idle time he had from collecting road kill, he spent it deep inside the world of his fantasies. In the neighborhood, Jeffrey was susp ected of killing animals just to add on to his collection. Even in puberty his non confrontational lieu towards his parents was not taken as a sign of isolation (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). During his high school years, Jeffrey continued to be a loner. Unknown to anyone Jeffrey was slowly mentally disintegrating due to his loneliness and in 1978 he acted out his fantasies after high school. His first victim was Steven Hicks. As afterwards told by Jeffrey, he killed Steven because the latter wanted to vary (Davis, 1991).It is however important to note that Jeffrey was a well spoken man who gave no indications of his criminal tendencies. During one of the near escapes of one of his victims Konerak, Jeffrey was seen by the police as intelligent, soft spoken and very calm. He was so smooth talking that the police believed his story that the young boy was his lover he was just so drunk over the incoherent Konerak. He even went ahead to apologize to the police promising of avo iding a recurrence of his lover behavior. This could be a reason why it took so long before he was discovered. It has thus been noted that Jeffrey Dahmer was a very complex man suffering from mixed personalities (Stone, 2006)Criminal appearanceCriminal behavior comprises of a large number and diversity of acts. These ranges from actions that violate the law, violate morality, violate norms of religion or violate customs and tradition (Helfgott, 2008). In the context of this paper Dahmers criminal behavior include the actions that he did that were influenced by his psychological state of mind and his socialization.Dahmers psychological fantasies included a chain of crimes against his victims corpses. For most of his victims the scene was the same and it more much than not began with consensual sex. He would often meet his victims in gay bars and go with them to his apartment often after enticing them with free booze or money. Once the consensual sex was over, he would drug them, s ometimes kill them and indeed kill them usually by strangulation or by stabbing (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). He would then masturbate over the cadaver or have sex with the dead body. His future(a) step was usually dismembering where he cut up the corpse into parts using his power saw. With the use of acid he removed the meat from the skulls and unploughed them as achievement trophies of his collection . In addition to the skulls, he usually stored other body parts like the heart in his refrigerator or in vaults and he ate these parts on occasion. Their genitalia were also kept as memoirs while the muscles were kept for future use (Davis, 1991).Suffice to say Jeffrey also performed lobotomies on some of his victims. To some he went on ahead to drill a hole in their skulls and pour some acid. This made the victim stay alive but in a zombie like state for years. From the things found in his house on his arrest, it was found that Jeffrey used anesthetise to drug his victim s. The male genitalia were preserved in formaldehyde. Simply put, Jeffrey was a serial killer who killed his victims brutally, had sex with their corpses, dismembered them and later ate some of the parts (Davis, 1991).Crimes/ MurdersJeffrey Dahmer admitted to a series of gruesome murders of seventeen men during his thirteen years killing spree, spanning from 1978 to 1991 when he was arrested. Most of his victims were young and belonged to minority groups like people of color. Due to the number of victims and the complexities in each of the individual flakes, this paper will give a general overview of the crimes. It is worth noting that in all his crimes, Jeffrey acted out his psychological imbalances which were influenced by his rejection by society. Jeffrey committed his first murder in the summer of 1978. His father and stepmother had gone away and he had the house to himself. Jeffrey picked up a 19 year old hitchhiker, Steven Hicks and invited him to his house. The two drank bee r and had sex. However when Hicks was ready to leave, Jeffrey hit Hicks with a barbell and killed him. Jeffrey, acting out his sense of rejection later said that he killed Hicks because Hicks wanted to leave and Jeffey didnt want him to. He then cut up the body into parts which he put into garbage bags and buried around his fathers becomingty. Years later he dug up the bag, crushed the bones covering his tracks (Davis, 1991). He went through a period of nine years without killing anyone but was arrested for sexual offences like indecent exposure. Because of the bewilderment he was causing Lionel sent him to his grandmother. In 1987 while on probation for his molestation charges, Jeffrey met Steven Tourmi at a gay club called 219. They went to the Ambassador hotel, got intoxicated and passed out. Dahmer claimed that when he woke Tourmi was dead and he wouldnt remember the events of the previous night. He subsequently put the corpse in a suitcase, took it to his grandmothers basemen t where he had sex with the corpse, masturbated on it and dismembered it. He then put the parts in garbage parts and threw them away (Davis, 1991).After Tourmi, Jeffrey struck twice in 1988 and once in 1989. In 1990 his grandmother asked him to move out. Once again rejected he had the domain of acting out his psychological fantasies. With his own place and no one to be bothered by his queerness and foul smells, the speed of his killing increased. As a result the murders of Eddie Smith, Ricky Beeks, Earnest Miller and David Thomas marked the christening of the infamous apartment in 1990 (Davis, 1991). Two more murders in 1991preceded the murder of Konerak Sinthasomphone. His story was probably one of the most covered in the press as he had gotten a get of escaping. When the police arrived, Jeffrey was also there and he smooth talked the police into believing that Konerak was his lover. The police ignored the two women and went with Jeffrey to his apartment where he showed them pictu res and clothes of Konerak. By lawfulness of this and not believing the incoherent Konerak the police left the boy with Jeffrey who later killed and dismembered the boy (Davis, 1991).By summer of 1991, Jeffreys killings escalated with his sense of loneliness. He went to killing an average of one person per week. July nineteenth marked the last of victims who were to die by Jeffreys hand. His last murder victim was twenty five year old Joseph Bradehoft. Three days later, specifically on the twenty second of July, Jeffrey lured Tracy Edwards into his home a man who turned out to be the end of Jeffreys killing spree. As later narrated by Edwards, Jeffrey tried to cuff Edwards but was unable to do so. Jeffrey proceeded to yield a butcher knife and force Edwards into the bedroom telling him how he will shot the latters heart (Davis, 1991).In the bedroom, Edwards saw pictures of assaulted men and took in the foul sense in the room. He thus punched Jeffrey and ran on to the streets where he flagged a police car and led them back to Jeffreys place. Once again, he tried playing his smooth talker card but Edwards remembered the butcher knife. The contents of the house led to the arrest of Jeffrey Dahmer (Davis, 1991).Policy Implications of the Jeffrey Dahmer CaseJeffrey Dahmers story is one of the stories that will be remembered millions of years for sparking debates on reviews of American policies. The core implications are on social and psychological principles. The social control theory and the psychological theory with respect to Dahmers life offers form _or_ system of government consequences that include education that helps kids in ontogeny of socialization skills through involvement, parenting programs aimed at proper creation of social bonds and diversion programs for delinquents to alter their psychosocial states. The significance of Jeffreys case awoke the debate on social implications due to the removal of the death penalty. The fact that Jeffrey was kill ed while table service his sentence raised questions on the ability of the American society to manage crime without capital punishment (Holmes Holmes, 1998).The case also highlighted a lot of policy reforms needed in the police sector. Many critics felt that Konerak could have been easily the killers last victim if the police had taken the time to carry more investigative work. In addition, by virtue of how Jeffrey disposed of his body it has been noted that in solving a serial killers cold case geographical profiling could be a step in the right direction. The policy implications of his case also spawned on lust killing and sexual disorders research. From the case, substantial progress has been made in the development of methods aimed at identifying sexual disorders at an early age. The causal link between lust killing and personality imbalances has also been further explored. The study of Jeffreys case has thus illuminated links between disorders like substance abuse and killin g. This has served in the development of policies aimed at treating these disorders instead of dealing with their consequences (Silva, Ferrari, Leong, 1997).The opinions on how the criminal incidents of Jeffrey could have been prevented are many and varied. But one common factor is the Konerak story. In the minds of many people who have come across the young boys story is a picture of the boy running for his life. And many more people believe that his life could have been saved were the police more careful. The role of parents in the socialization process can thus be ignored only at the peril of the society.ConclusionThe idea behind social control theory and psychological theory is that everyone has the capability to commit a crime and this could be very well influenced by their psychological state of mind. Jeffrey Dahmer was an intensely troubled child who grew up in an environment rejecting him fuelling his loneliness. As an adult his instability only escalated. This has revealed that parental upbringing is of core importance in a childs development of social skills. As seen with Jeffrey Dahmer he did not receive that socialization bond be it with his parent or other people in his life. All the way through his childhood, Jeffrey Dahmer was ignored and developed a way of perceiving himself as an outsider, rejected by society. This loneliness and sense of rejection grew until it aggravated his compulsion to commit the monstrous crimes of murder, necrophilia, and cannibalism. As seen from his biography he didnt have close relationships that could have deterred him from committing the crime as the social control theory suggests. In his loneliness Jeffrey filled that void with dismembering animals, a behavior later seen in his crimes. It can thus be concluded that creation and nurturing of social bonds are very essential in childhood socialization and in the development of stable psychological state of mind.

Strategic Human Resource Management In Hyundai

Strategic Human Resource focusing In HyundaiStrategic serviceman resource management is the process of linkingthe kind resource agency with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance.If a global company is to function successfully, strategies at different levels need to inter-relate.An organizations human resource management policies and practices must t with its strategyin its competitive environment and with the immediate bank line conditions that it faces.The human resources-business strategy alignment bay windownot necessarily becharacterized in the logical and sequential manner suggested by or so writers rather, the design of an HR system complex and iterative process1.2.The Purpose of strategic Human Resource Management activities in HyundaiOver the past decade, HR researchers and practitioners feel focused theirattentionon separate important questions. First, what determines whether an organization bosomsa strategic approach to HRM, and how is HR strategy formulated? Of busy is whichorganizations atomic number 18 most likely to adopt a strategic approach to HRM. Is there, forexample, a positive association with a given setof external and internal characteristicsor contingencies and the adoption of SHRM? Another atomic number 18a of interest concerns thepolicies and practices making up different HR strategies. Is it possible to identify acluster or bundle of HRpractices with different strategic competitive models? Finally,much research productivity in recent years has been devoted to examining the rela-tionship betwixt different clusters of HR practices and physical compositional performance.Does HR strategy really matter? For organisational practitioners who are looking forship canal to realize a competitive advantage, the implication of HR strategic choices forcompany performance is certainly the key factor.1.3.contributions of strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Hyundai repels Ob jectivesManagement PolicyIn 2000, Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors merged to form the Hyundai Automotive Group and implemented a horizontal management system in September 25 of that year. The horizontal managementsystem gives departmental teams lengthy power to carry out corporate policies and implement their own action plans based on those policies. The horizontal management system is guided by common chord principles 1) Trust-Based Management 2) Site-Intensive Management 3) Transparent Management. These principles, to hold outher with the environmental policy mentioned later in this report, give direction to the management strategies that drive our business. In 2003, we realizeed 4 objectives to be met in the mid- to long-term strategies 1) enhance product value, 2) establish a global production system, 3) increase brand power, 4) improve environmental management systems.2.1.the business factors that underpin human resource planningAccording to company officials, Hyundais six asse mbly plants with a yearly production capacity of 1.65 million vehicles, were operating at sole(prenominal) 40 percent of their capacity. In May, 1998, Hyundai reacted to this grim situation by announcing plans to target off 27 percent of its 46,000 workforce in South Korea and to arise pay bonuses and benefits in a bid to save 230 billion won.Unfortunately for the management of the company, Hyundai had one of the most powerful and militant unions. The decision of the company to lay off workers sparked off agitations not only in Hyundai but in other companies too. The unions were particularly offended at the governments approval of Hyundais decision.In a materialization in Ulsan, where Hyundai has its biggest automobile plant, 32,000 employees participated in rallies. All across South Korea almost 1,20,000 employees from just about 125 companies participated in demonstrations against Hyundai and the governments decision. The government had to deploy nearly 20,000 riot guard to control the demonstrators2.2. assessment of human resorce requirementsHyundai Motor Co., form in 1967, was a part of the large South Korean Chaebol the Hyundai Group until the group split in September 2000. In the last four decades, Hyundai managed to establish itself all over the world as a company producing reliable, technically sound and stylish automobiles.In the 90s, the company started aggressive overseas expansion programs. By the late 90s, when Southeast Asian crisis struck, the company like all the other chaebols, faced serious pecuniary problems. To survive, it had to cut its labor force. The company offered various hideaway schemes, unpaid leave for two years, etc. to workers, and expressed its inability to support its entire workforce in the slack period.The unions refused to compromise and the management too held its ground. Finally, the government intervened to force a negotiated settlement between the union and the management.2.3. Human Resorce Plan in HyundaiHyu ndai Motor Co., formed in 1967, was a part of the large South Korean Chaebol the Hyundai Group until the group split in September 2000. In the last four decades, Hyundai managed to establish itself all over the world as a company producing reliable, technically sound and stylish automobiles.In the 90s, the company started aggressive overseas expansion programs. By the late 90s, when Southeast Asian crisis struck, the company like all the other chaebols, faced serious financial problems. To survive, it had to cut its labor force. The company offered various retirement schemes, unpaid leave for two years, etc. to workers, and expressed its inability to support its entire workforce in the slack period.The unions refused to compromise and the management too held its ground. Finally, the government intervened to force a negotiated settlement between the union and the management.2.4.Human Resource Plan contribute to stomach Hyundai objectivesCompany strategies and Government policies e ach arise from the decision-makers views of their own talk terms strengths and those of other relevant actors, as well as their assessments of opportunitycosts and their go awayingness to forego any dishings with the other party. Among the many actors that are relevant to policymaking, TNCs take a shit a particularly significant group, since they affect employment, generate and distribute income, alter thebalance of payments, assist in regional development, create technology and impinge on other policy areas.Governments are crucial in affecting company strategies, since they set the rules of the game. These conditions lead to the bargaining relationship between TNCs and Governments. That relationshipcan be viewed as a jointmaximizing (or mini-max) problem as in the theory of games with each side seeking to pursue its goals constrained by its resources, its dependence on the other party and its relationships with other actors.3.1. The Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies In Ashok Leyland.Human resource management policies are vital for organizations that are serious about resolving personnel issues and finding hr solutions. HRM policies are intended to help maximize the beliefiveness of your Human Resources function. HR should ensure that HRM policy you wipe out consistent, well-written court-ordered policies and procedures. HRM policy should provide hr advices for the organizations needing help with specific HR-related issues Individuals and organizations who are serious about human resources should understand the bottom-line importance of job evaluation, job descriptions and effective policies.Types of HRM Policies attendance Policy Attendance Policy Recruitment Policy Recruitment Policy Leave of Absence Policy Leave of Absence Policy Performance figure and Evaluation Performance Probationary Period Compensation Compensatory Leave Overtime Leave Annual Leave Educational Leave,3.2. The Impact of regulatory requirements on human resource poli cies in Ashok LeylandThe Human Resources regulatory contour arena continues to be a myriad of ever ever- changing state and federal mandates. The cost of ensuring compliance continues to climb with each new regulation however, in many cases, small and medium sized businesses simply cannot keep up.AlphaStaff provides Human Resources Regulatory Compliance turn that control costs, systematically address key compliance issues, and provides legal liability protection.AlphaStaffs unique approach developsa Human Resources regulatorycompliance foundation and tailorsit to meet your business needs.ConclussionHR Audit Unsure if you are in regulatory compliance? We leave review your hiring practices, record keeping, policies and past practices and make recommendations.HR Posters, Forms Handbooks We will supply regulatory compliance posters, provide forms (hard copies and online) and develop customized employee handbooks thatensureyour compliance.Hiring Assistance We will assist with job des criptions,interview tuition,handle background and drug viewing and post your jobs.Administration Tired of records retention? Let us do it all personnel files, verifications of employment, unemployment responses, FMLA and your EEOC reports and charge answers.HR Consulting Services Call us with your employee issues and we will provide creative solutions that best fit your needs but maintain your compliant Human Resources foundation.Training We can provide online or classroom training on Human Resources business issues ranging from Diversity to Management Training to Dealing with the Difficult Customer.EPLI You will be protected from discrimination, wrongful termination and harassment suits with our premier Employment Practices Liability Insurance coverage.EAP Employee Assistance Programs that provide counseling and guidance to your employees available 24/7 done an 800 hotline.REVIEWING HUMAN RESOURCE guidance4.1.Analyse the impact of organizational expression on the management of human resourcesOrganizational design and structure.As we mentioned earlier, modifying the organizations basic structure may be a way of changing the actual norms, and hence the culture. For example, a culture of mistrust between the leaders and the members of an organization may be exacerbated by a line structure that discourages vertical communication.Organizational systems and procedures.The simplest definition of culture is thats the way we do things around here. Routines or procedures can become so embedded that they become part of the culture, and changing the culture necessitates changing those routines. We can all recollect of organizations where a weekly or monthly meeting takes on a life of its own, becomes more formalized, lengthy, and elaborate, and becomes the only way information moves within the organization. Changing the culture to improve communication may only be possible by changing the meeting procedures or eliminating the meetings altogether.Design of physi cal space, facades, and buildings.The impact of the design of buildings on culture can easily be illustrated by considering the executive perks in an organization. Which organization do you think will have a more open and participative culture, one where top executives have reserved parking spaces, top floor offices, a special ski lift and an executive dining room, or one where the executive offices are not separated from the rest of the company and executives park and eat in the same prepare as their employees?Stories about important events and people.This is a way that culture is perpetuated in an organization, in that it helps define and solidify the organizations identity. By what events and stories they emphasize, leaders allure that identity.Formal statements of organizational philosophy, creeds, and charts.This is the way leaders most often try and influence their organizations, and encompasses the vision or mission statement and statements of the organizations (or the lea ders) values and philosophy. By themselves, however, formal statements will have little effect on the organizations culture. They must be linked to actions to affect culture.4.2. Analyse the impact of organizational polish on the management of human resources wherefore is culture so important to an organization? Edgar Schein, an MIT Professor of Management and author ofOrganizational Culture and Leadership A Dynamic View,suggests that an organizations culture develops to help it allot with its environment. Today, organizational leaders are confronted with many complex issues during their attempts to generate organizational achievement in VUCA environments. A leaders success will depend, to a large extent, upon understanding organizational culture.Schein contends that many of the problems confronting leaders can be traced to their inability to analyze and evaluate organizational cultures. Many leaders, when seek to implement new strategies or a strategic plan leading to a new vis ion, will discover that their strategies will fail if they are inconsistent with the organizations culture. A CEO, SES, political appointee, or flag officer who comes into an organization prepared to shake the place up and institute sweeping changes, often experiences resistance to changes and failure. Difficulties with organizational transformations arise from failures to analyze an organizations existing culture.WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE?There is no single definition for organizational culture. The topic has been studied from a variety of perspectives ranging from disciplines such as anthropology and sociology, to the applied disciplines of organizational behavior, management science, and organizational communication. Some of the definitions are listed belowA set of common understandings around which action is organized, . . . finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group (Becker and Geer 1960).A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are distinctly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis 1980).A system of knowledge, of standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting . . . that serve to relate human communities to their environmental settings (Allaire and Firsirotu 1984).The wakelesser level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are learned responses to the groups problems of survival in its external environment and its problems of internal integration are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and that define in a basic taken -for-granted fashion in an organizations view of itself and its environment (Schein 1988).Any kindly system arising from a profits of shared ideologies consisting of two components substance-the networks of meaning associated with ideologies, norms, and values and forms-the practices whereby the meanings are expressed, affirmed, and communicated to members (Trice and Beyer 1984)..4.3.the effectiveness of human resources management is monitored in organisationCultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understanding develop among employees. (Trice, 1988) The cultural forms shown in the table on pages 293-94 act as a medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. Cultural forms enable leaders to get messages about desirable culture to influence thinking and ways of behaving. Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. Organizational scholars Janice Beyer and Harrison Trice elaborate on this pointCultural forms not only aid sensemaking through the meanings they convey they also aid the sensemaking process through the emotional reassurances they provide that help people persist in their coping efforts. Forms provide a concrete anchoring point, even if the meaning they carry are undefined and only imperfectly transm itted.Also many cultural forms involve the expression of emotion and, by this venting of emotions, help people to cope with stress.Federal agencies are take in with cultural forms that serve these purposes. However the challenges facing strategic leaders of these agencies involve creating and orchestrating cultural forms that can foster change and have longevity beyond their tenure.Cultural forms that have longevity by their nature such as rites and ceremonies reaffirm the organizations core ideologies, values and norms.4.4. Recommendation to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in an organisationStrategic leadership needs to be transformational if it is to serve the organization. Transformational leaders must operate from a foundation of high morality and ethical practices andCulture is deep seated and difficult to change, but leaders can influence or manage an organizations culture. It isnt easy, and it cannot be done rapidly, but leaders can have an effect on culture. Schein outlines some specific steps leaders can employWhat leaders pay attention to, measure and control.Something as simple as what is express or measured, over time, can have an effect on an organizations culture. unmatched example of this is an emphasis on form over substance. If leaders pay more attention to form, an organizational culture can develop where people start to believe that the substance of a recommendation is less important than the way it is presented. whizz can recall when more attention was paid to the format of viewgraphs used in a briefing than what was said what we characterize as eyewash.Where do you think people will focus their effort once it becomes accepted that a slick presentation is what the leaders are looking for? How could you go about changing that aspect of the organizations culture? Consider cultural assumptions and beliefs underlying a zero defects organizational mentality. You must always be perfect mistakes arent allowed. If this a ssumption reflects a dysfunctional aspect of an organizations culture, how would you go about changing that perception?Leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises.The way leaders react to crises says a lot about the organizations values, norms and culture. Crises, by their nature, bring out the organizations underlying core values. Often, this is where rhetoric becomes homely. Reactions to crises are normally highly visible, because everyones attention is focused on the incident or situation. Disconnects between actions and lyric will usually be apparent, and actions always speak louder than words. Additionally, a crisis not only brings a great deal of attention, it also generates a great deal of emotional involvement on the part of those associated with the organization, particularly if the crisis threatens the organizations survival. This increases the potential for either reinforcing the existing culture, or leading to a change in the culture. Such a crisi s can provide an opportunity for a leader to influence the organizations culture in either a positive or a negative way. reach role modeling, teaching, and coaching.Nothing can take the place of leaders walking their talk. The personal example of a strategic leader can send a powerful message to the members of an organization, particularly if it is ethical and consistent. Reinforcing that example with teaching and coaching will help others to internalize the desired values.Criteria for allocation of rewards and status.The consequences of behavior-what behavior is rewarded and what is punished-can significantly influence culture. If the organization reacts to new ideas by ridiculing the ideas and those who propose them, it wont take long before people believe that new ideas are not welcomed or desired. One belief of perceived organizational culture is reflected in the statement Dont raise questions or suggest improvements, because nothing will come of it and you will just get in trou ble. If you were in an organizations strategic leader, what steps could you take to alter the reward system to change this aspect of the culture?Criteria for recruitment, selection, promotion, retirement and excommunication.One of the powerful ways of changing an organizations culture is through the type of people brought into, retained, and advanced in the organization. You should be able to establish a desired culture base in an organization by bringing in and advancing individuals with the values you want, and eliminating those with undesired value bases.1. Dont oversimplify culture or confuse it with climate, values, or corporate philosophy. Cultureunderliesand largelydeterminesthese other variables. Trying to change values or climate without getting at the underlying culture will be a indolent effort.2. Dont label culture as solely a human resources (read touchy-feely) aspect of an organization, affecting only its human side. The impact of culture goes far beyond the human sid e of the organization to affect and influence its basic mission and goals.3. Dont assume that the leader can manipulate culture as he or she can control many other aspects of the organization. Culture, because it is largely determined and controlled by the members of the organization, not the leaders, is different. Culture may end up controlling the leader rather than existence controlled by him or her.4. Dont assume that there is a correct culture, or that a strong culture is better than a weak one. It should be apparent that different cultures may fit different organizations and their environments, and that the desirability of a strong culture depends on how well it supports the organizations strategic goals and objectives.5. Dont assume that all the aspects of an organizations culture are important, or will have a major impact on the functioning of the organization. Some elements of an organizations culture may have little impact on its functioning, and the leader must distingui sh which elements are important, and focus on those.CONCLUDING THOUGHTAn understanding of culture, and how to transform it, is a crucial skill for leaders trying to achieve strategic outcomes. Strategic leaders have the best perspective, because of their position in the organization, to see the dynamics of the culture, what should remain, and what needs transformation. This is the essence of strategic success.ReferncesBooksBook ace Author.Adler, N.J. (1991).International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston PWS-Kent Publishing Company.Book Multiple Authors, Second or Subsequent Editions.Aron, A., Aron, E.N. (1999).Statistics for psychology. (2nd ed.). New Jersey Prentice-Hall International, Inc.Chapter in Edited Book.Hartmann, L.C. (1998). The impact of trends in labour-force participation in Australia. In M. Patrickson L. Hartmann (Eds.),Managing an ageing workforce(3-25). Warriewood, Australia Woodslane Pty Limited.Chapter in Edited Book, Several Volumes.Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 2, 267-299). New York Academic Press.Chapter in Edited Book Two Authors, Second or Subsequent Edition.Forteza, J.A., Prieto, J.M. (1994). Aging and work behaviour. In H.C. Triandis, D. Dunnette, L.M. Hough (Eds.),Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. (2nd ed., Vol. 4, 447-483). Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press.Edited Book One or more Authors.Hewstone, M., Brown, R. (Eds.). (1986).Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford Basil Blackwell Ltd.JournalsJournal Article.Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J.F. (2001). The reliability of implicit stereotyping.Personality and Social psychological science Bulletin, 27(2), 212-225.Journal Article No Volume Number.Schizas, C.L. (1999). Capitalizing on a generation gap.Management Review, (June), 62-63.OthersNewspaper article Author Known.Alch, M.L. (2000, July). Get ready for the net generation. ground fo rces Today, 129, 26-27.Newspaper Item Author Unknown.Thin blue line has no future, (2002, October 27th).The Sunday Times, Perth, Hesperian Australia, 26.On-line Article (access date is shown in square parentheses).Anderson, G.F., Hussey, P.S. (October, 1999).wellness and population aging A multinational comparison. On-line. International Health Policy. Available http//www.cmwf.org/programs/international/aging_chartbook.asp 2003, March 4th.Conference Proceedings.Belous, R.S., Appelbaum, E. (1988).Human resource flexibility and older workers Management and labour views. Paper presented at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association, New York.Telephone Contact.Cordery, J. (2001, November 14th). Negative items (telephone conversation).Dissertation.Daboval, J.M. (1998).A comparison between baby boomer and generation X employees bases and foci of commitment.Dissertation Abstracts International, University Microfilms No. AAT 98-23312.Poster Session P resentation.Finkelstein, L.M., Gonnerman, M.E.J., Johnson, B.A. (April, 1999).The development of measures of age and generation identity. Paper presented at the poster academic session presented at the 14th annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA.Magazine Article.Shoebridge, N., Ferguson, A. (1997, January 20th). Rise of the baby-boom bosses.Business Review Weekly, 28-34.Annual Report.Western Australia Police Service. (1999).Western Australia Police Service Annual Report 1999. Perth, Western Australia.Corporation/Institution as Author.World Bank. (1994).Averting the old age crisis Policies to protect the old and get on growth. Washington DC World Bank and Oxford University Press.

HRM Issues in China Essay examples -- Human Resources Management Chine

Issues affecting International Human Resource Management in ChinaNapoleon called China a sleeping potassium bitartrate and said there would be woe to the world when the dragon awakes. As the world knows, the dragon is more than stirring. IntroductionThe Chinese trust that the Great Dragon ruled the Middle Kingdom of the world for nearly four thousand years. For most of this period China was a great employment nation. Then the dragon fell asleep for two centuries, while China collapsed under the effects of colonialism, until in 1978 Deng Xiao Ping woke the dragon up. And now the Chinese dragon is back, hungry to take its place as the economic and pagan superpower of the 2 foremost century.Nowadays China is often called the worlds largest market. Many muckle might think that it is very easy to start byplay in China and that success is guaranteed because of the huge potential of the market. But that isnt true. Making favored business in China is not that easy as it might seem. i n that location are many potential problems which can arise.For instance the Chinese civilisation is five thousand years old and because of that the Chinese gloss, tradition and value system have a significant impact on the different business processes. As the largest country in population, China has 50 plus different minority groups of people each have its own culture, custom, norm, tradition, even unique holidays and languages. Also, as one of the top three nations in land size, China is geographically divided into many regional centres across the nation each has unique cultural aspects in terms of tradition, value, social norm, belief, and organisational features. Those unique cultural factors will present numerous challenges to foreign investors and international joint venture managers.In this essay I want to discuss issues effecting human resource management which is, according to many foreign executives, the greatest challenge for Western companies in China today.The signifi cance of culture in international Human Resource ManagementAccording to Hofstede the influence of national culture is important to management for three reasons. The first is political and institutional. There are differences between the countries in formal institutions such as government, legal systems, educational systems, labour and employers association, and the way they are used. The secon... ...-158.Hofstede, Geerthttp//www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_china.shtml, 1.12.2004.Huo, Paul / von Glinow, Mary AnnOn transplanting human resource practices to China A culture-driven approach, International Journal of Manpower 16(9), 1995, p. 3 - 15.Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, DavidOrganizational Behaviour An Introductory Text, 4th edition, London scholar Hall, 2001.McClenahen, John S.Chinas Cultural Challenge, Industry Week 253(4), 2004, p. 10 - 12.Meier, Johannes /Perez, Javier /McKinseySolving the puzzle MNCs in China, Business Source Premier Database, 1995.Scarborough, Jack equiva lence Chinese and Western Cultural Roots Why East is East and , Business Horizons 41(6), 1998, p. 43 - 50.Wang, Yuan / Zhang, Xin Sheng / Goodfellow, RobBusiness Culture in China, 1st edition, Singapore Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.Wilson, Jonathan / Brennan, RossMarket entry methods for western firms in China, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 15(4), 2003, p. 3 - 18.Yang, Jiaqin / Lee, HueiIdentifying key factors for successful joint venture in China, industrial Management & Data Systems 102(2), 2002, p. 98 - 109.